一、Linux文件系统
1、文件名名称严格区分字符大小写;
2、文件可以使用除/以外的任意字符;
3、文件名长度不能超过255个字符;
4、以.开头的文件为隐藏文件;
. : 当前目录
.. : 当前目录的上级目录
二、基础命令
pwd cd ls cat tac file echo
shutdown clock hwclock date cal
pwd : printing working directory
显示工作目录
cd : change directory
cd [/PATH/TO/DIRECTORY] cd : 不带任何参数,则切换回用户主目录 cd ~ : 切换回自己的主目录 cd ~USERNAME : 切换至指定用户的主目录 cd - : 在上一次所在目录与当前目录之间来回切换 echo $PWD : 显示当前工作目录 echo $OLDPWD : 显示上一次的工作目录
ls : list, 列出指定目录下的内容
ls [OPTION]... [FILE]... -a : 显示指定目录内的所有文件,包括隐藏文件; -A : 显示除.和..以外的所有文件 -l : --long , 长格式列表,显示文件的详细属性信息; -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 970 Aug 6 2017 yum.conf - : 文件类型,[- , d , b , c , l , s , p] rw- : 文件属主权限 r-- : 文件属组权限 r-- : 其他用户的权限 1 : 数字表示文件被硬链接的次数 root : 文件属主 root : 文件属组 970 : 数字表示文件大小,单位是字节,Byte Aug 6 2017 : 文件最近一次被修改的时间 yum.conf : 文件名 -h : --human-readable 对文件大小单位换算,换算后的结果可能是非精确值 -rw-r--r--. 1 root root 2.0K Aug 2 2017 vimrc -d : 查看目录自身而非其内部的文件列表 [root@localhost etc]# ls -ld /etc drwxr-xr-x. 82 root root 8192 Mar 10 11:21 /etc -r : reverse , 逆序显示;默认是按文件名开头字母或数字的排列做顺序显示; -R : recursive , 子目录里面的内容递归显示;
cat : concatenate , 文件文本查看工具
cat [OPTION]... [FILE]... -n : 给显示的文本编号 -E : 显示行结束符
tac : 逆序显示(与 cat 显示的文件的内容顺序刚好相反)
tac [OPTION]... [FILE]... eg. [root@localhost etc]# cat -n /etc/fstab 1 2 # 3 # /etc/fstab 4 # Created by anaconda on Wed Dec 27 05:37:20 2017 5 # 6 # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' 7 # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info 8 # 9 /dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0 10 UUID=88f65953-7d6a-4149-b009-17e4d233477e /boot xfs defaults 0 0 11 /dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 [root@localhost etc]# cat -E /etc/fstab $ #$ # /etc/fstab$ # Created by anaconda on Wed Dec 27 05:37:20 2017$ #$ # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk'$ # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info$ #$ /dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0$ UUID=88f65953-7d6a-4149-b009-17e4d233477e /boot xfs defaults 0 0$ /dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0$ [root@localhost etc]# [root@localhost etc]# tac /etc/fstab /dev/mapper/centos-swap swap swap defaults 0 0 UUID=88f65953-7d6a-4149-b009-17e4d233477e /boot xfs defaults 0 0 /dev/mapper/centos-root / xfs defaults 0 0 # # See man pages fstab(5), findfs(8), mount(8) and/or blkid(8) for more info # Accessible filesystems, by reference, are maintained under '/dev/disk' # # Created by anaconda on Wed Dec 27 05:37:20 2017 # /etc/fstab #
file : 查看文件类型
file FILENAME ... eg. [root@localhost etc]# file /etc/fstab /etc/fstab: ASCII text [root@localhost etc]# [root@localhost etc]# file /bin/ls /bin/ls: ELF 64-bit LSB executable, x86-64, version 1 (SYSV), dynamically linked (uses shared libs), for GNU/Linux 2.6.32, BuildID[sha1]=3d705971a4c4544545cb78fd890d27bf792af6d4, stripped [root@localhost etc]#
echo : 回显
echo [SHORT-OPTION]... [STRING]... -n : 不进行换行 -e : 让转义符生效 \n : 换行 \t : 制表符 eg. [root@localhost etc]# echo "hello word" hello word [root@localhost etc]# [root@localhost etc]# echo -n "hello word" hello word[root@localhost etc]# [root@localhost etc]# [root@localhost etc]# echo -e "hello \nword" hello word [root@localhost etc]# [root@localhost etc]# echo -e "hello \vword" hello word [root@localhost etc]# [root@localhost etc]# echo -e "hello \tword" hello word [root@localhost etc]# STRING 可以使用引号,单引号和双引号均可使用; 单引号:强引用,变量引用不执行替换; 双引号:弱引用,变量引用会被替换; PS : 变量引用的正规符号 $(name) eg. [root@localhost etc]# [root@localhost etc]# echo '$SHELL' $SHELL [root@localhost etc]# echo "$SHELL" /bin/bash [root@localhost etc]#
shutdown : 关机或重启命令
shutdown [OPTIONS...] [TIME] [WALL...] OPTIONS : -h : halt 关机 -r : reboot -c : cancel 取消关机或重启动作 TIME : now : 立刻,马上 hh:mm : 几小时几分钟执行关机或重启动作 +m : 几分钟后执行关机或重启动作 WALL : 用双引号,双引号里面的内容可以传至登录系统的其他终端 eg. [root@localhost etc]# shutdown -h 17:30 Shutdown scheduled for Sun 2018-03-11 17:30:00 CST, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel. [root@localhost etc]# [root@localhost etc]# shutdown -c [root@localhost etc]# Broadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (Sun 2018-03-11 16:56:23 CST): The system shutdown has been cancelled at Sun 2018-03-11 16:57:23 CST! [root@localhost etc]# shutdown -h +15 Shutdown scheduled for Sun 2018-03-11 17:11:42 CST, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel. [root@localhost etc]# Broadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (Sun 2018-03-11 16:56:42 CST): The system is going down for power-off at Sun 2018-03-11 17:11:42 CST! [root@localhost etc]# shutdown -c Broadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (Sun 2018-03-11 16:56:54 CST): The system shutdown has been cancelled at Sun 2018-03-11 16:57:54 CST! [root@localhost etc]# [root@localhost etc]# shutdown -r +15 "hello word" Shutdown scheduled for Sun 2018-03-11 17:13:53 CST, use 'shutdown -c' to cancel. [root@localhost etc]# Broadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (Sun 2018-03-11 16:58:53 CST): hello word The system is going down for reboot at Sun 2018-03-11 17:13:53 CST! [root@localhost etc]# shutdown -c Broadcast message from root@localhost.localdomain (Sun 2018-03-11 16:59:16 CST): The system shutdown has been cancelled at Sun 2018-03-11 17:00:16 CST! [root@localhost etc]#
日期相关的命令:date , clock , hwclock , cal
linux : 系统启动时从硬件读取日期和时间信息;读取完后就不再与硬件相关联,系统内部以软件方式维护日期和时间信息.
date : 显示或修改系统日期和时间(系统时钟)
显示日期时间 : date [OPTION]… [+FORMAT]
设定日期时间 : date [-u|–utc|–universal] [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]]
eg. [root@localhost ~]# date +%F 2018-03-11 [root@localhost ~]# date +%A Sunday [root@localhost ~]# date +"%F %A" 2018-03-11 Sunday [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# date +"%F %A %T" 2018-03-11 Sunday 17:17:48 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# [MMDDhhmm[[CC]YY][.ss]] 月日小时分钟年(年:2位数或4位数).秒钟 eg. ~]# date 0912352018.02 ~]# date 08114218.03 ~]# date 0710542018 clock / hwclock : 查询或设定硬件时钟(硬件时钟) [root@localhost ~]# which clock /usr/sbin/clock [root@localhost ~]# file /usr/sbin/clock /usr/sbin/clock: symbolic link to `hwclock' [root@localhost ~]# -s, --hctosys 以硬件时钟为准 -w, --systohc 以系统时钟为准 eg. [root@localhost ~]# date 显示系统时钟 Sun Mar 11 17:45:28 CST 2018 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# hwclock 显示硬件时钟 Mon 12 Mar 2018 01:44:33 AM CST -0.678370 seconds [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# hwclock -w [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# date Sun Mar 11 17:52:02 CST 2018 [root@localhost ~]# hwclock Sun 11 Mar 2018 05:52:07 PM CST -0.115748 seconds [root@localhost ~]#
cal : 显示日历
cal [[month] year] eg. [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# cal March 2018 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 [root@localhost ~]# cal 03 2018 March 2018 Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 [root@localhost ~]# cal 2018 2018 January February March Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 2 3 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 April May June Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 29 30 27 28 29 30 31 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 July August September Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 1 2 3 4 1 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 29 30 31 26 27 28 29 30 31 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 October November December Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa Su Mo Tu We Th Fr Sa 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 2 3 1 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 28 29 30 31 25 26 27 28 29 30 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31