一、Linux系统上的文件类型
1> – : 常规文件,即f
2> d : directory , 目录文件
3> b : block device , 块设备文件,支持以“block”为单位进行随机访问
4> c : character device , 字符设备文件,支持以“character”为单位进行线性访问
major number : 主设备号,标识设备类型,可以确定要加载的驱动程序 minor number : 次设备号,标识同一类型的不同设备
5> l : symbolic link , 符号链接文件
6> p : pipe , 命名管道
7> s : socket , 套接字文件
二、Linux命令类型
1> 外部命令
2> shell内嵌命令(内部命令)
PS 1: 查看命令类型,type COMMAND
PS 2: 命令可以有别名,别名可以与原命令名相同,此时原命令名被隐藏;如果要运用原命令,则使用\COMMAND
PS 3: 查看当前系统有哪些命令有别名,以及别名信息:
[root@localhost ~]# alias alias cp='cp -i' alias egrep='egrep --color=auto' alias fgrep='fgrep --color=auto' alias grep='grep --color=auto' alias l.='ls -d .* --color=auto' alias ll='ls -l --color=auto' alias ls='ls --color=auto' alias mv='mv -i' alias rm='rm -i' alias which='alias | /usr/bin/which --tty-only --read-alias --show-dot --show-tilde'
PS 4: 定义别名; ~]# alias NAME=’COMMAND’ ; 此操作仅对当前shell进程有效;
PS 5: 撤销别名; ~]# unalias NAME
三、几个基础命令
which ; whereis ; who ; w .
which – shows the full path of (shell) commands.
说明:which命令显示命令的全路径
命令格式:which [options] [--] programname [...] options: --skip-alias : 忽略需要查找的命令的别名 [root@localhost ~]# which --skip-alias ls /usr/bin/ls [root@localhost ~]# which ls alias ls='ls --color=auto' /usr/bin/ls [root@localhost ~]#
whereis – locate the binary, source, and manual page files for a command.
说明:显示命令的二进制文件、源文件、man手册页的路径
命令格式: which [options] [--] programname [...] [root@localhost ~]# whereis ls ls: /usr/bin/ls /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz [root@localhost ~]# options: -b : 仅搜索二进制程序路径; -m : 仅搜索使用手册文件路径; [root@localhost ~]# whereis -b ls ls: /usr/bin/ls [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# whereis -m ls ls: /usr/share/man/man1/ls.1.gz /usr/share/man/man1p/ls.1p.gz [root@localhost ~]#
who – show who is logged on
说明:显示登录当前系统的用户信息;
命令格式:who [OPTION]... [ FILE | ARG1 ARG2 ] OPTIONS: -b : 系统此次启动的时间; -r : 显示当前系统的运行级别; -u : 列出用户登录信息(比 'who' 多了如下信息:用户登录系统多长时间,以及进程号) [root@localhost ~]# who root tty1 2017-12-27 05:43 root pts/0 2018-03-10 11:23 (192.168.206.1) root pts/1 2018-03-11 16:57 (192.168.206.1) root pts/2 2018-03-18 10:42 (192.168.206.1) root pts/3 2018-03-18 10:56 (192.168.206.1) [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# who -b system boot 2017-12-27 05:43 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# who -r run-level 3 2017-12-27 05:43 [root@localhost ~]# [root@localhost ~]# who -u root tty1 2017-12-27 05:43 00:25 684 root pts/0 2018-03-10 11:23 old 92790 (192.168.206.1) root pts/1 2018-03-11 16:57 old 117666 (192.168.206.1) root pts/2 2018-03-18 10:42 00:08 119970 (192.168.206.1) root pts/3 2018-03-18 10:56 . 120106 (192.168.206.1) [root@localhost ~]#
w – Show who is logged on and what they are doing.
命令格式:w [options] user [...] [root@localhost ~]# w 11:11:14 up 2 days, 3:14, 5 users, load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05 USER TTY FROM LOGIN@ IDLE JCPU PCPU WHAT root tty1 27Dec17 28:58 1.03s 1.03s -bash root pts/0 192.168.206.1 10Mar18 6days 0.33s 0.33s -bash root pts/1 192.168.206.1 11Mar18 6days 0.29s 0.29s -bash root pts/2 192.168.206.1 10:42 42.00s 0.04s 0.00s less -s root pts/3 192.168.206.1 10:56 2.00s 0.04s 0.02s w [root@localhost ~]#